Areas within the United States at the Highest Risk for African Swine Fever, Classical Swine Fever, and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Introduction

Domestic livestock production is a major component of the agricultural sector, contributing to food security and human health and nutrition and serving as the economic livelihood for millions worldwide. The impact of disease on global systems and processes cannot be understated, as illustrated by the effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic through economic and social system shocks and food system disruptions. This study outlines a method to identify the most likely sites of introduction into the United States for three of the most concerning foreign animal diseases: African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). We first created an index measuring the amount of potentially contaminated meat products entering the regions of interest using the most recently available Agricultural Quarantine Inspection Monitoring (AQIM) air passenger inspection dataset, the AQIM USPS/foreign mail, and the targeted USPS/foreign mail interception datasets. The risk of introduction of a given virus was then estimated using this index, as well as the density of operations of the livestock species and the likelihood of infected material contaminating the local herds. Using the most recently available version of the datasets, the most likely places of introduction for ASF and CSF were identified to be in central Florida, while FMD was estimated to have been most likely introduced to swine in western California and to cattle in northeastern Texas. The method illustrated in this study is important as it may provide insights on risk and can be used to guide surveillance activities and optimize the use of limited resources to combat the establishment of these diseases in the U.S.

Declaration of Cuernavaca

The National Public Health Institutes (NPHI), members of the Latin American Regional Network of the International Association of National Institutes of Public Health, met face to face at the headquarters of the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, in the City of Cuernavaca, from October 5 to 7, 2022, with the participation of the directors or their representatives of the NPHIs of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru and Suriname and representatives of the South American Sub regional Program (SAM), and the Central American Sub regional Program (CAM) of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Organization of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty (OTCA), the Andean Health Agency/Hipolito Unanue Agreement (ORAS/CONHU) and the Central American Integration System (SICA/COMISCA), analyzing the role of the NPHI in combating health inequities;in confronting the global climate and environmental crisis;combating hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition;successes and challenges in responding to the Covid-19 pandemic;strengthening and continuous improvement of integrated disease surveillance and preparedness for health emergencies;as well as the various existing regional and sub-regional health cooperation programs, noticing that: 1. In the current scenario, the dominating development model is a generator of growing social inequalities, which determine serious inequities in the health conditions of our peoples. 2. Likewise, the current model of production and consumption, adopted at the global level, has increased hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition that possibly constitute nowadays the main health problem in our region. 3. The environmental crisis, which is also a product of the current global development model, has a significant impact on human and animal health and the interaction between both. 4. The NPHIs have played a role of major relevance in confronting the Covid-19 pandemic, not fully applying, however, their full potential for research and for proposing national plans for the disease control. 5. Health surveillance systems, in most of our countries, suffer from significant fragmentation between various sectors and within the health sector itself, implying, in any case, reactive actions that do not allow for anticipating the emergence of new pathologies or health emergencies. 6. The various regional and sub regional cooperation agencies and programs offer an enormous capacity for synergies and mutual cooperation.

Supporting One Health for Pandemic Prevention: The Need for Ethical Innovation.

Bioethics is a field in which innovation is required to help prevent and respond to zoonotic diseases with the potential to cause epidemics and pandemics. Some of the developments necessary to fight pandemics, such as COVID-19 vaccines, require public debate on the benefits and risks of individual choice versus responsibility to society. While these debates are necessary, a more fundamental ethical innovation to rebalance human, animal, and environmental interests is also needed. One Health (OH) can be characterized as a strategy that recognizes and promotes the synergy between human, animal, and environmental health. Yet, despite the recognition that these entities are interdependent, there is a pronounced inequality in the power relations between human, non-human animal, and the environmental interests which threatens the well-being of all. Until OH can ensure the moral status of animals and the environment and thereby the equal consideration of these interests, it will struggle to protect non-human interests and, as a result, human health. To create a sustainable health system requires a renewed concept of justice that is ecocentric in nature and an application of OH that is flexible and responsive to different ethical interests (e.g., person-centred care and physician responsibilities). Ultimately, to save themselves, humans must now think beyond themselves. Bioethics must assume a key role in supporting the developments required to create and maintain relationships able to sustain environmental and human health.

Principles for evaluation of one health surveillance: The EVA book

This book outlines essential elements of the evaluation of health surveillance within the One Health concept. It provides an introduction to basic theoretical notions of evaluation and vividly discusses related challenges. Expert authors cover the entire spectrum of available, innovative methods, from those for system process evaluations to methods for the economic evaluation of the surveillance strategies. Each chapter provides a detailed description of the methodology required and the tools available as illustrated by practical examples of animal health or One Health surveillance evaluations in both developed and developing countries. Targeting not only scientists, including epidemiologists, but also technical advisers of decision-makers, the present work is suitable for the evaluation of any type of health surveillance system - animal, human or combined - regardless of the socio-economic context. The volume is richly equipped with practical tools and examples, which enables the reader to apply the methods described. Increasing importance of health surveillance, and threats from disease outbreaks such as the coronavirus pandemic, underline the practical relevance of this work, which will fill an important gap in the literature. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. All rights reserved.

Integrated surveillance and early warning system for emerging infectious diseases based on One Health concept: Structures and innovations.

One Health is an upgrade and optimization of health concepts, which recognizes the integrated health of the human-animal-environment. It emphasizes the use of interdisciplinary collaboration, multi-sectoral coordination, and multi-organizational One Health approaches to solve scientific questions. The surveillance and early warning system is the basis of public health emergency prevention and control. The COVID-19 pandemic and the emerging infectious disease (EID) have put great challenges on the existing surveillance and early warning systems worldwide. Guided by the concept of One Health, we attempt to build a new pattern of integrated surveillance and early warning system for EID. We will detail the system including the One Health-based organizational structure, zoonotic and environmental science surveillance network, EID reporting process, and support and guarantee from education and policy. The integrated surveillance and early warning system for EID constructed here has practical and application prospects, and will provide guidance for the prevention and control of COVID-19 and the possible EID in the future.Copyright © 2022, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases. All rights reserved.

ZOONOTIC DISEASES Can the transmission of pathogens between animals and humans be controlled?

After being associated with more than six million deaths so far, the Covid-19 pandemic is one of the worst diseases of animal origin known to date. Other zoonotic diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (2002-2004, which mainly affected China), Middle East respiratory syndrome (2012, mainly affecting the Middle East), Ebola (2013-2016 in West Africa), and Rift Valley fever (from 2016 to the present) have also caused major disease outbreaks in recent decades. In addition, and especially in low-income countries, some zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis and rabies are endemic and cause thousands of deaths. Of note, up to 60 % of known infectious diseases and 75 % of emerging infectious diseases have an animal origin and are responsible for public health problems and economic losses.

CHARACTERIZING MOVEMENT PATTERNS OF NOMADIC PASTORALISTS AND THEIR EXPOSURE TO RIFT VALLEY FEVER IN KENYA

The role of animal movement in spreading infectious diseases is highly recognized by various legislations and institutions such as the World Organisation for Animal Health and the International Animal Health Code. The increased interactions at the nexus of human-animal-ecosystem interface have seen an unprecedented introduction and reintroduction of new zoonotic diseases with high socio-economic impacts such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease that affects both humans and animals and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes or through contact with the body fluids of infected animals. This study seeks to characterize movement patterns of pastoralist and how this movement behaviour increases their susceptibility to RVF virus exposure. We levarage on a rapidly growing field of movement ecology to monitor five herds collared from 2013 – 2015 in an RVF endemic semi-arid region in Kenya. The herds were also sampled for RVF antibodies to assess their exposure to RVF virus during the rainy seasons. adehabitatLT package in R was used to analyze the trajectory data whereas the first passage time (FPT) analysis was used to measure the area utilized in grazing. Sedentary herds grazed within 15km radius while migrating herds presented restricted space use patterns during the dry seasons and transient movement during the start and end of the rainy season. Furthermore, RVF virus antibodies were generally low for sedentary herds whereas the migrating herds recorded high levels during their transition periods. This study can be used to identify RVF risk zones for timely and targeted management strategies.

Animal health: a cornerstone for public health

This article looks into the role of traditional or so-called 'wet markets' and their importance to public health after the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights the need for a One Health approach to prevent zoonotic diseases and the importance of traditional markets for access to fresh food products, social interaction, and income for many people. The article also discusses the Global Burden of Animal Diseases initiative and its Indonesian case study, which focuses on poultry, dairy, beef, and pig farming systems, to understand the burden of animal diseases and develop policies to prevent them. Finally, the article highlights the importance of biosecurity to prevent animal diseases, and the exchange of expertise and experience between Australian and Indonesian researchers.

Global Crisis Leadership for Disease‐Induced Threats: One Health and Urbanisation

The concept of ‘One Health' (OH) has gathered momentum among the public health and animal health communities as an important global policy agenda for drawing together these disciplines to inform urban planning and health security policies. OH research, from a risk governance perspective, is generally concerned with identifying preventative programmes that can minimise the threats posed by diseases at the animal‐human interface (e.g. Corona virus, Ebola, avian influenza, the Q virus, for example). This article, by drawing on examples of disease threats, discusses the multi‐level challenges of establishing OH with a particular focus on urban change. It considers the risks posed by the increasing urbanisation of animal habitats and what this means for achieving OH. The article concludes by discussing why social scientists need to pay greater attention to the concept of OH.

Can the transmission of pathogens between animals and humans be controlled?

After being associated with more than six million deaths so far, the Covid-19 pandemic is one of the worst diseases of animal origin known to date. Other zoonotic diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (2002–2004, which mainly affected China), Middle East respiratory syndrome (2012, mainly affecting the Middle East), Ebola (2013–2016 in West Africa), and Rift Valley fever (from 2016 to the present) have also caused major disease outbreaks in recent decades. In addition, and especially in low-income countries, some zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis and rabies are endemic and cause thousands of deaths. Of note, up to 60 % of known infectious diseases and 75 % of emerging infectious diseases have an animal origin and are responsible for public health problems and economic losses. © 2023, Universitat de Valencia. All rights reserved.

The Role of Animal Health Components in a Biosurveillance System: Concept and Demonstration

Biosurveillance defines the process of gathering, integrating, interpreting, and communicating essential information related to all-hazards threats or disease activity affecting human, animal, or plant health to achieve early detection and warning, contribute to overall situational awareness of the health aspects of an incident, and to enable better decision making for action at all levels. Animal health surveillance is an important component within biosurveillance systems comprising a continuum of activities from detecting biological threats, to analyzing relevant data, to managing identified threats, and embracing a One Health concept. The animal health community can strengthen biosurveillance by adopting various developments such as increasing the alignment, engagement, and participation of stakeholders in surveillance systems, exploring new data streams, improving integration and analysis of data streams for decision-making, enhancing research and application of social sciences and behavioral methods in animal health surveillance, and performing timely evaluation of surveillance systems. The aim of this paper is to explore components of a biosurveillance system from an animal health perspective and identify opportunities for the animal health surveillance community to enhance biosurveillance. Structural and operational diagrams are presented to demonstrate the required components and relevant data of animal health surveillance as an effective part within a biosurveillance system.

Preface: Proceedings of The 4th International on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment – SAE 2022

The 4th International on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment – SAE 2022 has been organized by Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam with Co-organizers: Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia;Okayama University, Japan;and National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The Conference aims to provide an attractive platform for academics, scientists, researchers, experts, entrepreneurs, and students to express and discuss their interests in the emerging theme focusing on "Innovative Approaches in Agriculture in Adapting to Climate Change”. The Conference included four Keynote sessions and seven Parallel sessions with altogether 72 oral and 74 poster presentations from our honored national and international presenters during the period of 17 to 19 November 2022. Challenges and interventions in the current context affecting agricultural activities and food production and security such as climate change, shrinkage and degradation of land, water shortage, abnormality of weather, and environmental pollution, etc. along with the multifaceted crisis from the COVID-19 pandemic were presented and provide an overview in attempt to maintain sustainable agriculture and environment.We acknowledge our honor sponsors from DSM Nutritional Products Vietnam (DSM), TTC Group, The United States Forest Service in Vietnam (USFS), De Heus Vietnam LLC, Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories (CAVAC), and Netherlands Universities Foundation for International Cooperation (NUFFIC) for their financial support and networking collaboration.The current proceedings collect 36 peer-reviewed papers on a wide of topics such as: Adapting agricultural production to climate change, Ecological health, and climate change, Trends and advances in food science and post-harvest technology, Socioeconomics in sustainable agriculture, Innovative technology in agriculture, Emerging issues in agricultural transformation and Recent advances in animal health and animal biosciences. To achieve this fruitful scientific outcome, we sincerely thank committee members, scientists, presenters, authors, reviewers, editors, and editorial assistants for their invaluable contributions. We all together have hard worked in delivering a well-organized conference and do hope it satisfactorily met the expectations. Special thanks go to IOP Publishing.List of Standing Organizing Committee, Organizing Committee, Proceeding Editor Board are available in this pdf.

Special Issue: Mutagenic factors in the environment impacting human and animal health. (Special Issue: Mutagenic factors in the environment impacting human and animal health.)

This special issue includes 15 articles that discuss the mutagenic effect of tobacco smoke on male fertility;environmental and occupational exposure of metals and female reproductive health;free radical biology in neurological manifestations;paternal factors in recurrent pregnancy loss;mechanical dependency of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) axis;a perspective review on medicinal plant resources for their antimutagenic potentials;asystematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of glyphosate on the reproductive hormones;impact of ginseng on neurotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats.

SARS-CoV-2 in animals used for fur farming: GLEWS+ risk assessment (20 January 2021)

SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in humans in December 2019 and has since affected almost 68 million people causing over 1.5 million deaths worldwide. Animal-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission has been documented within farmed minks in several countries. SARS-CoV-2 has been identified in a farmed mink population in a number of countries. Some of the affected farms reported also workers SARS-CoV-2 infection and it is hypothesized that the mink farms were infected through human-mink transmission proving SARS-CoV-2 capability of reverse zoonosis. This Tripartite Risk Assessment, as a joint effort under the GLEWS+ initiative, completed with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), evaluates the risk of introduction and spread of SARS-CoV-2 within fur farming systems as well as whether farmed fur animals could play a significant role in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 to humans via spillover. Additionally, using a One Health approach, the Tripartite evaluated the risk of the escaped minks leading to the establishment of a viral reservoir in susceptible wildlife populations. This work provides guidance to Members on this newly emerging threat.

Annual report of the Scientific Network on Animal Health 2022

According to its Founding Regulation (Regulation (EC) No 178/2002), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was tasked to establish a system of networks of organisations operating in the fields within EFSA's remit, with the objective to facilitate a scientific cooperation framework by coordinating activities, exchanging information, developing and implementing joint projects, and exchanging expertise and best practices. The Scientific Network on Risk Assessment in Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) aims to build a mutual understanding of risk assessment principles in the areas of animal health and welfare, to promote harmonisation of animal health and welfare risk assessment practices and methodologies, and to reduce the duplication of activities by identifying and sharing current and upcoming priorities. The network organises an annual meeting dedicated to animal health‐related issues to discuss and exchange on all topics relevant and interesting to its member organisations. In 2022, this annual meeting took place on 27 and 28 June. Among all topics covered, special attention was paid to avian influenza, African swine fever and SARS‐CoV‐2. One Health surveillance and biosecurity were further highlights in 2022. This report summarises the activities presented by members and observers of the network as well as EFSA's contributions during the meeting.

Bridging the generational communication divide

This article briefly describes the characteristics of each generation from the 1940s to the 2020s, the challenges of communication between these generations in the veterinary profession (including the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic) and the importance of developing awareness to better understand generational challenges, work together to meet both personal and professional objectives and communicate clearly, effectively and professionally to meet the needs of clients and their pets.

A leading policy maker for the veterinary environments at As

Infection control has always been, and always will be, the core of preparedness against infectious diseases. As an example, the covid-19 outbreak highlights the consequences serious infectious diseases can have on our civilization, and not least how important it is to be prepared for new pandemics. In April 2008, the authorities decided to move the Veterinary College (NVH) and the Veterinary Institute (VI) to As. One of the reasons for moving was that the old building mass at Adamstua no longer met modern and up-to-date requirements for infection control. This article describes the development of the infection control concept as a leading premise for planning the new veterinary buildings at As. It deals with the period with the design of the draft project and preliminary project, that is to say the time from the authorities' decision to relocate until the initial grant was given in 2013.No detailed description of how the individual buildings have been designed to ensure infection control has been given. The functionality of the infection control in the new facilities can only be assessed once the premises have been put into use and tested over time.

Dog-keeping habits in Hungary during the COVID-19 pandemic-preliminary results of a 2021 national representative survey

Background: Prior to the present research, the last nationally representative survey on the number and habits of Hungarian cog-keeping households was conducted in 2018, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hungarian dog-keeping has not been studies so far. Some international sources consider the increase in the number of keepers of companion animals to be an accompanying effect of the quarantine period, the question was whether the situation is similar in Hungary. Changes in the number of animal keepers and pets, as well as changes in animal keeping habits, also have a significant impact on animal welfare. Objectives: Our study focuses on the changes of the number and demographic composition of dog keepers by the summer of 2021, on the source from which the dogs enter households, and on the opinion of dog keepers about issues related to their dog and responsible animal keeping in general. Materials and Methods: The results are based on a quantitative (n = 10 01) survey compiled through telephone interviews, which is representative to the Hungarian adult population in terms of age, sex, and geographical distribution, of households. Results and Discussion: The results show a significant increase in dog-keeping households, which rose from approximately one-third to one-half of all Hungarian households. Dog keepers are. rather women, and the proportion of those over 60 years old has increased. Most dog keepers are concentrated in Pest county (14.3%) and Budapest (11.1%) within Hungary. Many dog keepers still buy dogs without pedigrees (10.7%), and the proportion of animals adopted from smelters is relatively low (14.9%). For more than three-quarters of dog keepers, the cost of dog-keeping does not seem to be a problem. With very few exceptions, dog keepers agree that the basics of responsible animal keeping should be taught for children (98.3%) and that the state should support the national neutering programme (95.2%).

What should COVID-19 have taught the veterinary sector?

COVID-19 has focused many minds in respect of infection control, biosecurity, zoonosis and nosocomial infections, which is certainly a good thing. If anything positive can come from the pandemic, perhaps it might act as a "light bulb moment" just as cleanliness was to Florence Nightingale so many years ago, as well as in teaching us all' some important and uncomfortable home truths. COVID-19 was not the first, nor will it be the last, global pandemic. AM of us in health care sectors have a duty of care to patients, staff and populations alike to undertake basic infection control procedures. As references demonstrate, we cannot rely on human cleaning and disinfection in busy clinical settings. We must use procedures and techniques that can run simultaneously with "on-going clinical activities", and are proven to be safe (for patients, staff and the environment), and effective (to national or international standards) to match the requirements of that specific clinical setting. We must test and measure outcomes, we must record and investigate nosocomial and zoonotic incidents. We must continue to learn and improve.

Bovine reproductive and productive parameters in milk production systems during times of COVID 19

In order to analyze changes in bovine reproductive and productive parameters in dairy herds because of the COVID -19 pandemic, an investigation was carried out in the Province of Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Costa Region, Ecuador. To collect the information, research techniques (surveys, structured interviews and group sessions) were used from 86 producers belonging to the Producers Province Association. Where the variables were studied: age at first service (EFS), age at first calving (EFC), types of service (TS), age at weaning (EW) and milk production (ML) before and during COVID-19. The data collected were compared using Chi square tests and the likelihood ratio. The PL was compared with the Student's t-test for paired samples. The EPS, EPP and ED were not significant;but, an increase in the proportion of natural mounts (P<0.01) of 36 % was observed, to the detriment of artificial insemination. There was a decrease in ML (P<0,01) from 8.3 to 8.0 litres.cow(-1). In conclusion, the pandemic caused by COVID-19 has negative consequences on milk production systems.